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WHAT IS AN INTRODUCTION WHAT IS A SPECIES

Según la definición del CBD "introducción" se refiere al movimiento, por acción humana, indirecta o directa, de una especie exótica fuera de su medio natural (pasado o presente). Este movimiento puede realizarse dentro de un país (traslocación) o entre países o zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. Las introducciones pueden ser: · Intencionales: realizadas por el hombre, de forma consciente y con fines determinados. · No intencionales: producidas de forma involuntaria, pero siempre mediadas por agentes humanos.

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EXOTIC

(Exótica=alóctona=foránea=no native) as defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity the term "alien species" refers to a species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural range in the past or present, includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs or propagules of such species which may become to survive and reproduce. The term is based on ecological and biogeographic concepts, and not political-administrative. Within a country a native species whose distribution is limited to a particular biogeographical area can become exotic if introduced (intentionally or unintentionally) in another area of country where there would be naturally (translocation).

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WHAT IS AN EXOTIC INVASIVE SPECIES?

As defined by the IUCN, an invasive alien species is "an alien species that is set in an ecosystem or natural or semi-natural habitat, is an agent of change and threatens biodiversity native. " As defined in the CBD, an invasive alien species is "an alien species whose introduction and / or spread threaten biological diversity" and cause serious damage to the economy and health. The term refers only to those species whose introduction (Whether voluntary or accidental) is always mediated by human action and under no circumstances referred to biological invasions that occur naturally (self-expansion of a species).

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"all alien species become invasive? HOW

Not all alien species become invasive, as some cause minimal impact and some may even be beneficial. It is estimated that of introduced species, "only" between 5 and 20% can become invasive. However, despite the small percentage, the impact they cause is of immense magnitude.

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introduce these species?

From the first movements of human populations, to the great civilizations, the time of the great geographical discoveries up to the modern and contemporary, the man has led or been brought by various reasons (business, scientific, food, etc.) thousands of species. Many of them, despite being non-native species, have made large profits and have become part of everyday life (tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, etc.).. Other affected in a tangible way ecosystems (eg, the islands of the Mediterranean basin), but such species were introduced as ancient times and are considered part of the fauna naturalized suppose, is sometimes wrongly autochthonous.

The number of introductions has increased exponentially over the last century and particularly in recent decades. The human capacity to eliminate geographic barriers has not only accelerated the phenomenon of "introductions," but that has wiped out two parameters that dominate the biology and evolution: the time and scale. Trade, transport and tourism are currently the three main factors that contribute to voluntary movement and accidental species, thereby increasing the likelihood that some of them may become a new invader. The fastest means of transport is critical to the settlement of new species in that it greatly reduces mortality "in the way." In addition there are other factors that may influence the colonization rate as are the characteristics of the areas of entry and the degree of disturbance, the effects of climate change, etc.

From the operational point of view is crucial to distinguish between alien species introductions:

-Intentional: made by man, consciously and for specific purposes. For example, trade in exotic pets, plants ornamental, etc.

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Unintentional: occurring accidentally or transport or the introduction is made consciously. However always occur through human agents and is strictly related to the pathways or vectors through which alien species enter. For example, the entry of species through ballast water of ships by fouling, etc.

-Negligent: a) there are leaks of species held in captivity for lack of necessary security measures and b) introductions occur through pathways known as high risk for which no action has been taken prevention. For example, escapes from fur farms.

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WHAT EXPLAINS THE SUCCESS OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES?

Many scientists have been asked this question and have sought response among invasive species in different areas. However, the information shows that there is no single explanation, but it depends on both the ecosystem and the species involved. Still have also detected some general patterns that seem to recur in different parts of the world. Among the reasons behind the success of the invaders, we differentiate between those that are related to the characteristics of the receiving ecosystem and those that are typical of invasive species.

features of ecosystems that house a higher proportion of invasive species. Although no ecosystem on Earth that does not have invasive species from their biological bitter, it is also true that there are areas with higher proportion of exotic species than others. For example, island ecosystems are considered "fragile" where the introduction of exotic often has more drastic consequences on the continents. Also disturbed environments are more likely to hold alien species than those stable and well maintained. Two hypotheses help to explain this pattern:

The empty niche hypothesis posits that some ecosystem functions may not be performed for any species because phylogenetic and biogeographic constraints. For example, treeless ecosystems such as temperate grasslands of South America. But this does not mean that no tree can live there but trees neighboring regions have not been able to colonize the territory. However, recently introduced several species of exotic pines (Pinus halepensis as and P. radiata), which not only fully support the environmental conditions, but spread rapidly due to the absence of other trees with to compete.

The hypothesis of the absence of enemies postulated that the success of some invasive because they invade the ecosystem there are no predators, parasites or diseases, able to halt its spread. The poverty of the island's characteristic species or caused by disturbance reduce the likelihood that an invasive species found resistance from competitors, predators or diseases in these environments.

intrinsic characteristics of invasive species.

1. High rates of growth and reproduction. Both characters lead to an effective monopolization of resources and displacement of native species by competitive exclusion. For example, some invasive trees and ditch banks, such as ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima ), the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia ) or maple box elder (Acer negundo ), grow rapidly, produce abundant crops of seeds every year and / or generate abundant vegetative regrowth. In animals, example, the ability of parthenogenesis is a great advantage (a female can have children without being fertilized by a male), eg in the case of small aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum from New Zealand, which has spread great success in Australia, Europe and America, the arrival of a single female into a river or lake can result in a large population, because their reproductive rate is very high.

2. Flexibility and phenotypic plasticity. Several authors have suggested that invasive species are able to acclimate more and better than native species to new or changing environmental conditions. This capacity for acclimatization may be due to a high phenotypic plasticity, where a particular genotype gives rise to very different phenotypes in response to the environment, or a functional flexibility, ie, the phenotype may vary over time in response to environmental fluctuations. Moreover, phenotypic plasticity can vary not only between invasive and noninvasive, but between populations within a species that show different invasiveness. Such is the case of the indigenous relict of hornbeam (Rhododendron ponticum ) in southern Spain, showing a low phenotypic plasticity compared with invasive populations of this species in central European cities, whose plasticity is very high .

3. Facility for hybridization. Some species have very easy to hybridize with each other, allowing them to increase their genetic variability. This ability may confer a potential invader, as it encourages the establishment of stable populations in new areas from a few individuals introduced. As an example, include the case of the Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis ), a species introduced in England in the forties, which has been hybridized with our native species, the White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala ). The hybrids are fertile and can cross each other and with parents, contributing to expansion of the ruddy duck at the expense of a loss of the original characters of the indigenous species.

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CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES

consequences can be divided into three groups: ecological, economic and health .
Ecological consequences
transport processes of species often result in the alien species, both the ecosystem and receptor-faced new environmental situations for which they have not undergone a process of adaptation natural selection. Although many introduced species disappear, the persistence of some individuals may trigger a series of effects often difficult to predict. While extinction is a constant throughout the history of life extinctions caused by humans have a number of characteristics that make them different and undesirable. IAS are the first or the second cause of biodiversity loss, according to sources who shuffled probably different viewpoints. According to the IUCN Red Data Book, 2004, IAS are responsible for endangering the 5.4% of the species with some degree of threat (1284 of 23,675).
The ERA:
1. Can lead to displacement of native species.
2. IAS can hybridize with native species with the consequent genetic contamination.
3. IAS networks can alter the interaction between species in the community.
4. IAS can alter the conditions of the native ecosystem.


economic consequences The economic impacts caused by biological invasions, sometimes large. First, cause a loss in potential economic performance of human activities. This refers to losses in crop production and decreased survival, reproductive success and production of domestic animals and the reduction in the quantity or quality of extractive activities (shellfish, fish, etc.). Also often destroy food or other products stored. In addition, damage to infrastructure can be substantial: obstruction and destruction of pipelines or dams, silting and accumulation of organic matter and sediment retention, alteration and destruction of foundations or roads, etc.. This involves reducing secondary costs of energy production, the availability of water for irrigation or human consumption, etc. Fouling species pose, as well as disposal costs, economic loss for the detention of the vessel during operations fairing.
Secondly, it should be into account the cost of combating invasions. This includes all quarantine measures, early detection, control and eradication.
To all this must be added the difficulty of finding a match economic losses from invasive species such as the extinction of a species, habitat loss, the aesthetic value of an altered landscape, etc.

health and social consequences
Sometimes introduced species can be a reservoir of parasites and pathogens and transmit directly or indirectly (via a vector) to the native populations. Other times the species it is the invasive pathogen or parasite.
For example, raccoons (Procyon lotor ) are carriers of infectious diseases such rabies, distemper, feline and canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus and Aujeszky's disease, also known as pseudorabies. In addition, they also act as hosts for various parasites that cause diseases such as trypanosomiasis, coccidiosis and toxoplasmosis. Most animal populations in Europe are infected with raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis. In Europe, the first case of human infection by this parasite occurred in 1991, from a raccoon home. This roundworm causes severe encephalitis, or even fatal, in a wide variety of birds and mammals, including humans. Humans can become infected through ingestion of soil particles or other materials contaminated with the feces of raccoons carrying eggs.

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